THE
TWO CULTURES AND THE REAL WORLD
Lui Lam
Department
of Physics, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192-0106, USA; Institute
of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and China Research Institute for
Science Popularization, China Association for Science and Technology, Beijing,
China (lui2002lam@yahoo.com)
The “two cultures”
refer to the scientific culture and the literary culture, pointed out by C.P.
Snow in the 1950s. The former derives from the study of material systems from
the natural sciences, while the latter comes from the understanding of humans.
However, humans are Homo sapiens—a (biological) material system, and are
thus a part of the natural sciences since the latter is the study of all
material systems. Consequently, science and the humanities are unified at the
fundamental level—they are all “science matters”. The apparent “gap” comes from
the different levels of scientific development, the deficiency in the school
curricula, and the unfortunate misconception reinforced by current science
communications. To help close this gap, a general-education course—The Real
World—was introduced and taught by the author at SJSU. In the beginning, the students
divided themselves into three groups; each group has a focused topic. Each
group tried to find out the current status and the frontier in the scientific
study of the chosen topic—through books, the Web and interviewing of experts.
Concurrently, the instructor gave lectures on complex systems—on fractals,
chaos, power-law phenomena, and active walks. These topics can link up science
and the humanities. By pointing out the common themes and unifying principles,
the merging of humanities with science could be achieved.
Keywords: The
two cultures, science and humanities, general education course, active walk,
complex system
1. The Two Cultures—Snow’s
Lecture
Forty-seven years ago, on May 7, 1959, Charles
Percy Snow gave the lecture “The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution” at
Cambridge University [1]. The lecture essentially contains three themes: the
distinction and non-communication between the scientific culture and the
literary/humanistic culture in the West, the importance of the science
revolution (defined by Snow to mean the application of the “atomic particles,”
presumably nuclear physics and quantum mechanics), and the urgency for the rich
countries to help the poor countries. Very interesting, big themes—but nothing
original, as admitted by Snow himself (see “The Two Cultures: A Second Look
(1963)” in [1]).
The lecture generated tremendous interest and
discussion round the world, which helped to earn Snow twenty honorary degrees
(mostly from universities outside of England) and carve his name in history.
While the other two themes are definitely worth talking about, it is the “two
cultures” theme that causes the most controversy and debates. This is not at
all surprising. Many in the literary circle felt slighted by Snow in his
lecture and had to defend themselves or their profession (see Stefan Collini’s
“Introduction” in [1]). And, by definition, literary people are those who can
write.
The purpose of this article is not to discuss
Snow’s lecture but to present the deep reasons behind the apparent gap between
the two cultures, which are hardly touched upon by Snow himself. (After all,
the existence and importance of the “gap” is not in doubt.) Furthermore, our
effort in helping to close this gap is described.
But before we do that, for historical sake,
Snow’s errors concerning scientific matter in his lecture should be pointed
out. Apparently, despite the worldwide fame of this lecture, no one has done
this before.
Snow is wrong when he writes, “No, I mean the
discovery at Columbia by Yang and Lee”[1]
(p. 15 in [1]). While T. D. Lee indeed worked at Columbia University, C. N.
Yang’s “permanent” address at that time was the Institute for Advanced Study at
Princeton, New Jersey (see the address bylines in [2]). In fact, Yang has never
been associated with Columbia University. A few sentences later, still
referring to the work of Yang and Lee, Snow makes another mistake in his
sentence, “If there were any serious communication between the two cultures,
this experiment would have been talked about at every High Table in Cambridge.”
The work of Lee and Yang is purely theoretical, which is to point out
that there were no experimental evidence supporting or refuting parity
conservation in weak interactions at that time. They went on to propose several
experiments to settle this issue without predicting the outcome of these
experiments. Parity nonconservation was indeed discovered in an experiment
by C. S. Wu [7], a colleague of Lee at Columbia.
These two errors are minor by themselves and
do not affect the rest of the lecture. Yet, they are factual errors that should
be easily avoided. Lee and Yang received their Nobel Prize in December 1957, a
mere 17 months before Snow delivered his lecture. With all the reporting of the
parity nonconservation story in the newspapers and magazines, not to mention
the more formal academic publications, only a careless writer like Snow could
miss the basic facts. And this is not an isolated incident. In 1932, Snow had
to recant publicly his “discovery” of how to produce Vitamin A artificially
after his calculation was found faulty. Snow, a trained chemist, decided to
leave scientific research completely after this incident and became a novelist
(p. xx in [1]). He indeed made the correct career move, judging by later
developments.
2. The Two Cultures—The Essence
2.1 The Emergence of the Two Cultures
About ten thousand years ago on earth, the
early Homo sapiens,
our ancestors, started to wonder about the things around them—things in their
immediate surroundings and things in the sky. Curiosity serves not just human
needs but for those who figure how things work from their observations, it is a
survival skill via the evolutionary mechanism according to Darwin.
Among
these activities, literature is the description of humans’ reflection on and
understanding of nature. Here, nature include all (human and non-human)
material systems, such as falling leaves in autumn, the changing weather and
seasons, effect of moonlights on lovers, the way humans treat each other in
different spatial and temporal settings, and, quite often, thoughts in one’s
brain as a function of happenings inside or outside the person’s body. When the
authors write all these down, they are using their bodily sensors (sighting,
touching, smell, hearing, etc.) as the main detectors and their brain as the
major information processor. Apart from that, for latecomers, they do benefit
from reading what previous writers wrote.
As time went by, the observation and
understanding of certain kinds of phenomena progressed faster. For example, how
things fall under the influence of gravity can be predicted and measured with
high accuracy. This is achieved not because the falling object under study is
simple, but because (i) we can approximate it by something simple, and (ii) we
use detectors and information processors other than those from our own bodies.
For example, a human body falling from a tall building is the same complicated
human body described in a piece of literature, but in physics we pretend that
it is a point particle (i.e., an idealized particle with zero size) in our
calculations. This is an approximation; it works because the size of the earth,
the source of the gravitational force, is much greater than the size of the
human body. Furthermore, we can record the positions of the falling body by
digital cameras and compare them with our calculations, with the help of
calculators or computers. (For smaller falling objects, low-tech devices are
used to record the positions at regular time intervals. This is routinely done
in freshmen physics labs.)
This branch of study is now called natural
science, which involves mostly nonliving systems even though living systems
(such as humans in free fall and other simpler biological bodies) are not
excluded. As we just pointed out, natural science presently succeeds because it
chooses to deal only with a special subset of phenomena. And literature is
stuck with the complicated aspects—such as pride and prejudice—of the complex
system called humans.
As study deepened, specialization became
essential and we were left with two distinctive groups of practitioners, the
writers in the literature profession and what Snow called scientists for those
working in natural science. Since writers use their own bodies as tools, only
those with supreme bodily sensitivity and suitable hard wiring of neurons in
their brains can become good writers, while scientists need other types of quality
(such as supreme self confidence) to succeed. There is no overlap between these
two groups of professionals, as Snow painfully found out for himself.
2.2 Why the Gap
The fact that scientists can talk to each
other is true only to a certain extent. There is not much to talk about between
a particle theorist and a condensed matter physicist if the subject is the
standard model of particles. But all scientists, be they physicists, biologists
or chemists, do share some common knowledge such as the second law of
thermodynamics, because this law is a required learning in the college
education of these scientists.[2]
Professional activities require high
concentration of attention and usually are time consuming, and, especially in
the case of science, involve very keen competition. Time is short, for the
professionals. Many first-rate scientists do not read books, particularly
science books, because what contained in books is usually not fresh enough.
Instead, they read research papers that they think might be helpful to their
(present or future) work. That is what the scientist had in mind when he, asked
by Snow what books he read, replied, “Books? I prefer to use my books as
tools.” (p. 3 in [1].) Tools, here, mean something that will help him to do his
research. There is in fact a fair chance that literary books will be read by
scientists, for relaxing purpose, e.g., when they are in a plane after
attending a conference. But these books are not Shakespeare’s. The same goes
for the literary people. Why should they read any science book if they cannot
find anything there that would help them to do their job?
In short, the non-communication between these
two groups is not due to the non-overlap of the people involved, but due to the
absence of any common language or principle in their trades, at least in the
1950s when Snow delivered his lecture. This is no longer so. Since the 1980s,
some general principles arise from the study of simple and complex systems,
which are applicable to both the natural and social sciences, and to both
living and nonliving objects. Here, we are referring to fractals, chaos and
active walks [8]. (See Sec. 3 for more.)
2.3 Why Close the Gap
We
want literary people to learn a little basic science and the scientists to read
some good literature. The reason is not that we are afraid they have nothing to
talk to each other about at a cocktail party. They can always talk about Ang
Lee’s “Brokeback Mountain” (2005) or his other movie, “Crouching Tiger, Hidden
Dragon” (2000). The movie’s storyline is as deep as Shakespeare’s, and perhaps
more entertaining.
And
if the purpose is to make literary people appreciate the mental achievement of
the humankind via the elegant theories established in science, then learning
basic science is not the easiest way to do so and may not even be necessary.[3]
In Snow’s days, the television and telephone, and if not enough, the two atomic
bombs in 1945 and the Sputnik in 1957 should convince every sensible person on
earth the high achievement of science, without the need to know the theories
behind them. These days, a cell phone will do.
Yes,
knowing some basic science supposedly will help you to cast sensible votes as a
citizen on scientific matters, such as laws regarding global warming. But we
actually rely on the experts on their professional opinions on these matters.
Our rudimentary scientific knowledge is not sufficient for us to make the
judgments ourselves, even though it may help us to pick which expert to trust.
Unfortunately, this is easier said than done. Sometimes you can’t even trust
the Nobel laureates. (For example, there is one who believes in astrology, big
foot, and that we never went to the moon.) The situation is like picking which
financial advisor to help managing your money. You go to the big institutions
and also look at their track record. It helps if you have some financial
knowledge, but that is not enough.
A
good reason for ordinary people to learn some science is to increase their
personal safety. Some science knowledge could help people to eat and live
healthy and avoid accidents. It could also help them to recognize the crooks
when they see one. For example, if someone told you that the earth had exploded
three times in the past and it was he who repaired it (which is so against what
we know in science), you could safely ignore what else he told you and should
never gave him a dime, nor your other valuable possessions.
But
why do we want scientists to read some good literature? [4]
This is less clear, not even Snow has anything meaningful to say about this.
What is sure is that it is not a bad thing to do, unless you happen to be a
young scientist who needs undivided attention to your research. It could help
scientists to meet more interesting people; many of them, at the time this
article is written, know only literature but not science.
2.4 How to Close the Gap
The
best time to get literary people and scientists to learn something from each
other’s trade is when they are still students in schools or colleges, when they
are forced to attend classes. Apart from requiring the students to take some
general education classes in both science and literature before they are
allowed to graduate, as is the practice in most American universities, it would
be wonderful to teach them something, if exist, that they could use for the
rest of their life no matter what profession they end up with. Fortunately,
these wonderful things do exist. They are the general principles governing many
complex systems.
And
the way to achieve this in the classroom is through educational reform; outside
of the classroom, science communication [12]. But first, let us review the
essentials of science.
3. Science—The Essentials
3.1 What Science Is About
Science
is about the systematic understanding of nature. And nature, of course,
includes all material systems. On the other hand, human beings are biological
and thus material bodies called Homo sapiens. Consequently, any study
related to human beings, literature in particular, should be a part of science
[13].
Since nature
consists of everything in the universe, the two terms science and natural
science are identical to each other.[5]
In other words, in terms of the objects under study in science, we have
science
= natural science = nonliving systems + living systems, (1)
Whereas
living
systems = non-human biological systems + human beings. (2)
Since we human beings (and not, e.g., the ants) are the ones who
do the study and control the research budgets, it is not surprising that a
large part of the science activity is related to and is for the benefit of
humans. In terms of the disciplines, these human-related studies fall into one
of two categories, viz., social sciences and humanities. Social science
consists of anthropology, business and management, economics, education,
environmental science, geography, government policy, law, psychology, social
welfare, sociology, and women’s studies [14]. Philosophy, religions, languages,
literature, art and music make up the humanities. History, by its very nature,
should be part of the social sciences, but it is listed in the humanities at
some universities such as Stanford University.
The aim of literature, music and art in the humanities is to
stimulate the human brain—through arrangement of words or colors, sound or
speech, or shape of things—to achieve pleasure and beauty, or their opposites,
via the neurons and their connecting patterns [15]. The brains, some sort of
computer, of the creator and the receiver at the two ends of this process are
heavily involved. The scientific development of these disciplines as complex
systems is at a primitive level, and that is why they are separated from the
social sciences, which are at an intermediate level. Linguistic is the study of
the tools involved in written words and speeches, supporting the three
disciplines mentioned above.
In terms of the disciplines, Eq. (1) could be rewritten as
science
= natural science = physical science + social science + humanities, (3)
where
physical science includes not just physics, but biology, chemistry, etc.
3.2 Three General Principles
There
are three established principles that are able to unify many different
phenomena found in nature, with examples taken from both the natural and social
sciences, and even the humanities. They are [8]:
(1) Fractals—the principle of
self-similarity. Self-similar means that if you take a small part of an object
and blow it up in proportion, it will look similar or identical to the original
object. Self-similar objects are called fractals, which quite often have
dimension not equal to an integer. A famous example is the Sierpinski gasket
[16]. Fractals are everywhere, ranging from the morphology of tree leaves, rock
formations, human blood vessels, to the stock market indices and the structure
of galaxies. Fractals are even relevant in the corporate culture [17] and the
arts [18].
(2) Chaos—the common (but not
universal) phenomenon that the behavior of many nonlinear systems depends
sensitively on their initial conditions. Examples of chaos include leaking
faucets, convective liquids, human heartbeats, and planetary motion in the
solar system. The concept is found applicable in psychology, life sciences and
literature [19, 20]. A general summary is available [21].
(3) Active
walks—a major principle that Mother Nature uses in self-organization. An
active walk is a paradigm introduced by this
author in 1992 to handle complex systems [22,23]. In an active
walk, a particle (the walker)
changes a deformable potential—the landscape—as it walks; its next step
is influenced by the changed landscape. For example, ants are living active
walkers. When an ant moves, it releases chemicals of a certain type and hence
changes the spatial distribution of the chemical concentration. It next step is
moving towards positions of higher chemical concentration. In this case, the
chemical distribution is the deformable landscape. Active walk has been applied successfully to a
number of complex systems coming from the natural and social sciences. Examples
include pattern formation in physical, chemical and biological systems such as
surface-reaction induced filaments and retinal neurons, the formation of
fractal surfaces, anomalous ionic transport in glasses, granular matter,
population dynamics, bacteria movements and pattern forming, food foraging of
ants, spontaneous formation of human trails, oil recovery, river
formation, city growth, economic systems, and, most recently,
human history [9,13,23].
All three principles are an integral part
of complexity science, which is becoming important in the understanding of
business, governments and the media [24].
4. Educational Reform—A Personal Journey
University
educational reforms could involve three possible components: (i) the contents
of the courses, (ii) the way of teaching by the instructors, and (iii) the
learning method of the students. No matter how it is done, an unavoidable
constraint that will crucially affect the success of the reform is usually not
mentioned or ignored completely by the reformers, i.e., the reform should
not increase the teaching load of the instructors. Also, the quality of the
students taking a course—like the quality of a sample in a physical experiment
or the raw material in a factory—is of primary importance; this factor is never
emphasized enough. Obviously, with a defective sample, no good experimental
result can be expected, no matter how skillful the experimentalist is. This
last factor points to the need to start any educational reform from grade one
on, or even better, from the kindergartens.
With
the constraints understood and resources limited, I tried to do my best as a
teacher. There is not much we can do about item (iii). It is very hard for the
students to change their learning habit after being wrongfully taught for 12
years before they show up in college, and this is not their fault. I therefore
concentrated my effort in the first two items.
On
item (ii), I have tried something radically different. It is called
“MultiTeaching MultiLearning” (MTML) [25]. We note that in a physics class, the
teacher usually does not have enough time to cover everything. The attention
span of a student is supposed to be about 15 minutes. Students in a class have
different learning styles. Some students are more advanced than others. Active
learning and group learning are good for students. To overcome these problems
in the teaching of two freshmen classes in mechanics and thermodynamics, around
1999, I have tried a zero-budget and low-tech approach. In these classes, we
cover about one chapter per week, using Physics by Resnick, Halliday and
Krane as the textbook. In each course, there are three sessions per week, each
50 min. long. In the last session of every week, the class is broken up
completely. Different “booths” like those in a country fair are set up in
several rooms, manned by student volunteers from the class. The rest of the
class is free to roam about, like in a real country fair, or like what the
professional physicists will do in a large conference with multiple sessions.
In this way, we are able to simultaneously offer homework problem
solving, challenging tough problems for advanced students, computer exercises,
Web site visits, peer instruction, and one-to-one tutoring to the students. The
students seemed to enjoy themselves and benefited from it. However, this
approach was soon discontinued. It did require a little bit of extra
preparation time from the instructor, but more importantly, it did not seem to
raise significantly the grades of the students. The “inferior raw material”
factor might be at work here.
The
next thing I tried, with better luck this time, was to integrate popular science
books into my physics classes [26]. This is done by giving extra credits to the students who would
buy a popular science (PS) book, read it and write up a report [27,28]. The
instructor does not actually teach the books, and hence will not find the teaching
load increased. It is like supplementary reading, a practice commonly used in
the English classes but rarely adopted by science instructors. The aim of this
practice is (i) to broaden the knowledge base of the students, (ii) show them
the availability and varieties of PS books in their local book stores, (iii)
encourage them to go on to buy and read at least one PS book per year for the
rest of their life, and (iv) become a science informed citizen—a voter and
perhaps a legislator who is science friendly. It is about lifetime learning of
science matters. This practice is quite successful and is still going on in my
classes.
This
PS book program is not trying
to alter the course content per se. My first attempt in this direction, item
(i) in educational reform, actually happened earlier. Soon after I started
teaching at SJSU in 1987, I created two new graduate courses, Nonlinear Physics
and Nonlinear Systems, respectively [8]. But these two were for physics majors.
In Spring 1997, I established a general-education course called “The Real
World,” opened to upper-division (i.e., third and fourth year in college)
students of any major. It results from my many years of research ranging from
nonlinear physics to complex systems [8]. There were only nine students,
majoring in physics, music, philosophy and so on, plus two physics professors
sitting in. It was fun. The course stopped after one semester due to
nonacademic reasons, falling victim to the sociology of science.
Five
years later in Fall 2002, the course was resurrected with the same name but
modified to suit incoming freshmen students. It is this general-education
freshmen course that will be described in detail in the next session.
5. The Real World—A General Education Course
In
2001 we have a new provost in campus. This very energetic and ambitious man,
Marshall Goodman, wanted to make SJSU distinctive from the other twenty plus
campuses of the California State University system. Introducing international
programs with a global outlook was his way of doing that. But perhaps more
important, with lightning speed as administrative things went, he was able to
push through the university senate and actually had 100 brand new freshmen
general-education courses set up and running in about half-a-year’s time. Each
of these courses is limited to no more than 15 incoming freshmen students. The
program starting in Fall 2002 is called the MUSE program. “MUSE/Phys 10B
(Section 3): The Real World” was one of the 100.
5.1 The Course Description
Introduction to MUSE: University-level study is different from what you experienced in
high school. The Metropolitan University Scholars’ Experience (MUSE) is
designed to help make your transition into college a success by helping you to
develop the skills and attitude needed for the intellectual engagement and
challenge of in-depth university-level study. Discovery, research, critical
thinking, written work, attention to the rich cultural diversity of the campus,
and active discussion will be key parts of this MUSE course. Enrollment in MUSE
courses is limited to a small number of students because these courses are
intended to be highly interactive and allow you to easily interact with your
professor and fellow students. MUSE courses explore topics and issues from an
interdisciplinary focus to show how interesting and important ideas can be
viewed from different perspectives.
Course Description: To understand how the real world works from the scientific
point of view. The course will consist of two parallel parts. (1) The
instructor will introduce some general paradigms governing complex
systems—fractals, chaos and active walks—with examples taken from the natural
and social sciences, and the humanities. (2) The students will be asked to pick
any topic from the newspapers or their daily lives, and investigate what had
been done scientifically on that topic, with the help from the Web, library,
and experts around the world. Outside speakers and field trips is part of this
course.
Learning Objectives and Activities for this
Course: This course qualifies as an Area
B1 (Physical Sciences) course in your General Education requirements. It is designed to enable you to achieve the
following GE and MUSE learning outcomes.
By the end of this course, you should be able to:
· use
methods of science and knowledge derived from current scientific inquiry in
life or physical science to question existing explanations;
· demonstrate
ways in which science influences and is influenced by complex societies,
including political and moral issue;
· recognize
methods of science, in which quantitative, analytical reasoning techniques are
used;
· understand
the learning process and your responsibility and role in it; and
· know
what it means to be a member of a metropolitan university community.
The
following content and activities will be incorporated into the course as you
engage in the subject matter of the course:
· Issues of diversity.
· Writing assignments consisting of a minimum of 1500 words
· Active learning through class participation and discussions.
At
their conceptual center, all GE Science courses should demonstrate how
scientists seek proof for causal relationships between microscopic phenomena
and macroscopic observations. This
course is no exception and will incorporate a number of demonstrations and
experiments in which you will be actively involved in this process.
All Physical Science GE courses focus on laws of thermodynamics;
structure of matter; interaction of matter and energy; behavior of physical
systems through time; systems of classification; and physical processes of the
natural environment.
Student Learning Objectives and Goals
Specific to this Course: After successfully completing this course, you will:
· Realize
that there are general paradigms—fractals, chaos and active walks—governing the
functioning of complex systems in the real world, physical and social systems
alike.
· What
nonlinearity is.
· How
“dimension” is defined mathematically.
· The
meaning of self-similarity and fractals.
· Recognize
and able to evaluate data to show that any physical structure or pattern in the
real world is a fractal or not.
· What
a chaotic system is.
· Able
to distinguish a chaotic behavior from a random behavior given the time series
of a system.
· To
realize that many complex systems in the real world can be described by Active
Walks, and be familiar with a few examples.
· Recognize that there are multiple interpretations or points of view on some ongoing, forefront research topics, and that these interpretations can co-exist until the issue is settled when more accurate data and a good theory become available.
· Know
the difference between science and pseudoscience, and the real meaning of the
scientific method.
· How
scientific research is actually done.
· Able
to find out the latest scientific knowledge about any topic of interest in the
future.
· Have
improved your skills in communicating both orally and in writing.
· Have
increased your familiarity with information resources at SJSU and elsewhere.
Course Materials: The following two books are required (both available at the
Spartan Bookstore):
1.
Lui Lam, Nonlinear Physics for Beginners:
Fractals, Chaos, Solitons, Pattern Formation, Cellular Automata, and Complex
Systems (World Scientific, River Edge, NJ, 1998), paperback (list price:
$28). Reading assignments from this book will be announced in class. Additional
materials will be provided by the instructor. Other information could be found
from the Web, magazines, research journals and books from the library.
2.
A Spartan Scholar from the Start
(published by SJSU)
Grading:
Assignments
and quizzes are also listed on the class schedule and will be explained further
in class.
Homework Tests
(3 total, including final; 10 points each) Term
project and presentation MUSE
activities Field
trip Participation (Extra
credit for book report) Total
points (not counting extra credit)
20% 30% 20% 15% 5% 10% 10% _____ 100%
Term Project
A
term project is required. It is a group effort with three to four students in a
group. The topic will be chosen by the group, with the help and consent of the
instructor. Progress of project will be presented by group members orally in
class throughout the semester. A written progress report is to be handed in
about the middle of the semester, and a written final report is due at end of
semester.
Extra Credit
Book Report (10%):
The student should decide to do the
book report not later than Sept. 16,
2002, Mon. To do the book report,
·
The student should pick a popular science
book title from the list provided by the instructor.
·
Buy the popular science book
herself/himself.
·
Show the book and receipt to the instructor not later than Sept 30, 2002, Mon. (The receipt will
be marked by the instructor; each student should buy her/his own book; a
paper-back book costs about $12-$17);
·
Submit a written report (5-10 pages long,
font size 12) on Nov. 27, 2002, Wed.
Teaching Philosophy and Expectations:
I
expect that students be here at the University to learn to think critically
about themselves, about their society, and about specific issues and problems.
You can anticipate being asked many questions that involve problem solving, and
is expected to participate in active discussion speaking out your mind. I will
provide you with skills that will enable you to locate information and to
generate your own relevant data.
The class will be run like a research group, with flexibility in content and timing according to the progress and need of the students, with the injections of other foreseeable and unforeseeable academic activities. The instructor will teach some basic knowledge about complex systems, while each term-project group will be treated like a research group. Each student will be trained to be a scholar, working individually and as a member of a team.
Attendance: Every
class counts! Please keep track of the schedule
and attend every class. If you do have to miss a day, please let me know
in advance if possible, by leaving a message on my phone.
Tentative
Topics Covered by the Instructor:
Part I
1.
The
World is Nonlinear
1.1 Nonlinearity
1.2 Exponential growth
1.3 Gaussian distribution (the bell curve)
1.4 Power laws
1.5 Complex systems are nonequilibrium systems
2.
Fractals
2.1 Classification of patterns
2.2 Self-similarity
2.3 Definition of “dimension”
2.4 What is a fractal?
2.5 Fractal growth patterns
3.
Chaos
3.1 Sensitive dependence on initial conditions
3.2 The logistic map
3.3 A dripping faucet
3.4 Chaotic vs. randomness
4.
Active
Walks
4.1 What is an active walk?
4.2 Examples of active walks
5.
Conclusion
5.1 Simplicity can lead to complexity
5.2 Order can arise from chaos
5.3 The world can be understood scientifically
Part II
From time to time, these special
topics will be inserted between the chapters:
1.
How scientific is the scientific method?
2.
Science v pseudoscience
3.
How research topics are born?
4.
Diversity: the first woman president of the
American Physical Society
5.
Does the world have a meaning?
5.2 The Outcome
There were 12 students in the class. In
the beginning, every student was asked to buy and read a newspaper, pick out
the topics that interested her or him, which could be about international
conflicts, movies or television programs, sports, or anything. After class
discussion, three topics—Creativity, Predictions, and “What is Life?”—were
chosen. Three groups with four students each were formed; each group focused on
one of the three topics. Each group tried to find out the current status and
the frontier in the scientific study of the chosen topic—through books, the Web
and interviewing of experts. Each group gave regular progress report in class
and, at the end of semester, handed in a written report after orally presenting
it. Simultaneously, the instructor gave lectures on complex systems—on
fractals, chaos, power-law phenomena, and active walks.
At the end, we were all exhausted. The
students seemed to have a good time. Did they really get the message that the
real world can be understood and is governed by some unifying principles? Only
time can tell. My feeling is that this course is better offered to non-freshmen
who are more mature and motivated. In fact, this course—with the content and
approach intact but the depth of coverage modified—could be taught at any
level, from undergraduate to graduate.
6. Conclusion—What is to be done?
The “two cultures” issues are clarified. What the literary people and the natural
scientists do are similar to each other at the basic level. They both try to
understand the world around them. What differentiates them is, roughly
speaking, that literary people confine their investigation to using their body
as the detector and their own brain as the information processor, while modern
scientists use tools other than their own body to do their work (Sec. 2). All
these activities could be viewed as parts of a big project—to understand nature
(human and nonhuman systems) systematically, except that literature is still
doing it empirically and is at a less developed level, scientifically speaking.
But this is also the case with the study of many other complex systems, because
the problem involved is much harder (Sec. 3).
The gap between the two cultures can never be completely closed,
and there is no need to do so. What should be and could be done is to teach
everybody the fact that our real world is governed by some unified principles,
which are applicable to both the human and nonhuman systems and could be shared
beneficially by people in the two cultures, and in fact, in any culture. And a
course for this purpose has been designed and tried (Sec. 5), which should be
taught at school of any level, the earlier the better. Furthermore, to
reinforce the effect, lifelong learning through popular science books is
strongly urged [28]. Beyond that, it would be good to make both natural science and
literature writings an essential reading for college students. This can be
easily done by incorporating a few popular science books—such as James Watson’s
The Double Helix—into the list of required readings in the general
education of every student in every university.
It does not help
if in science communication of any kind, we keep conveying to the public the
wrong impression that natural science, social science and the humanities are
three very different things, without anything in common. A remedy to correct
this in the science museums is to show the
unifying themes of all natural and social phenomena before the museum exit [29].
Through
appropriate effort, the merge of science and humanities is possible. Examples
include the merging of biology and sociology to form sociobiology [30],
economics and physics for econophysics [31], sociology and physics for
sociophysics [32], and more recently, the creation of a new discipline called histophysics
through the link up of history with physics [9,13,23].
7. References
[1] C. P. Snow, The Two Cultures, Cambridge U. P., Cambridge, 1998.
[2] T. D. Lee and C. N. Yang, “Question of parity conservation in weak interactions,” Physical Review, Vol. 104, pp. 254-258,
1957.
[3] C. N. Yang, Selected Papers 1945-1980 with Commentary, Freeman, New York, 1983.
[4] T. D. Lee, Selected Papers, Vol. 3, Birhauser Inc., Boston, 1986.
[5] C. J. Jiang, Biography of Chen Ning Yang: The Beauty of Gauge and Symmetry, Bookzone, Taibei, 2002.
[6] C. Zi, H. Z. Liu, and L. Teng (eds.), Solving the Puzzle of Competing Claims Surrounding the Discovery of Parity Nonconservation: T. D. Lee Answering Questions from Sciencetimes Reporter Yang Xujie and Related Materials, Gansu Science and Technology Press, Lanzhou, 2004.
[7] C. S. Wu, E. Ambler, R. W. Hayward, D. D. Hoppes, and R. P. Hudson, “Experimental test of parity conservation in beta
decay,” Physical Review, Vol. 105, pp. 1413-1415, 1957.
[8] L. Lam, Nonlinear Physics for Beginners: Fractals, Chaos, Solitons, Pattern Formation, Cellular Automata and Complex Systems, World Scientific, Singapore, 1998.
[9] L. Lam, This Pale Blue Dot: Science, History, God, Tamkang U. P., Tamsui, 2004.
[10] K. H. Zhao, “The end of the heat death theory,” in Philosophical Debates in Modern Science, edited by X. L. Sun, Peking U. P., Beijing, 2003.
[11] D. Halliday and R. Resnick, Fundamentals of Physics, Wiley, New York, 1988.
[12] L. Lam, “Science communication: What every scientist can do and a physicist’s experience,” Science Popularization, No. 2, pp. 36-41, 2006. See also L. Lam, in Proceedings of Beijing PCST Working Symposium, Beijing, June 22-24, 2005.
[13] L. Lam, “Histophysics: A new discipline,” Modern Physics Letters, Vol. B16, pp. 1163-1176, 2002.
[14] http://www.sosig.ac.uk.
[15] S. Pinker, How the Mind Works, Norton, New York, 1997.
[16] L. Lam, “A science-and-art interstellar message: The self-Similar Sierpinski gasket,” Leonardo, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 37-38, 2004.
[17] H.-J. Warnecken, The Fractal Company: A Revolution in Corporate Culture, Springer, New York, 1993.
[18] J. D. Barrow, The Artful Universe: The Cosmic Source of Human Creativity, Little, Brown and Co., New York, 1995.
[19] R. Robertson and A. Combs (eds.), Chaos Theory in Psychology and the Life Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Associated,
Mahwah, NJ, 1995.
[20] N. K. Hayles, Order and Chaos: Complex Dynamics in Literature and Science, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1991.
[21] J. A. Yorke and C. Grebogi (eds.), The Impact of Chaos in Science and Society, United Nation U. P., Tokyo, 1996.
[22] L. Lam, “Active walks: The first twelve years (part I),” International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, Vol. 15,
pp. 2317-2348, 2005.
[23] L. Lam, “Active walks: The first twelve years (part II),” International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, Vol. 16, pp. 239-268, 2006.
[24] See http://www.trafficforum.org/budapest for a description of an upcoming conference on “Potentials of complexity science
for business, governments, and the media,” Budapest, Aug. 3-5, 2006.
[25] L. Lam, “MultiTeaching MultiLearning: A zero-budget low-tech reform in teaching freshmen physics,” Bulletin of the American Physical Society, Vol. 44, No. 1, p. 642, 1999.
[26] L. Lam, “Integrating popular science books into college science teaching,” Bulletin of the American Physical Society, Vol. 45, No. 1, p. 117, 2000.
[27] L. Lam,
“Raising the Scientific Literacy of the Population: A Simple Tactic and a
Global Strategy,” in Public Understanding
of
Science, edited by Editorial Committee, University of Science and Technology of China U. P., Hefei, 2001, pp 330-336.
[28]
L. Lam, “Integrating popular science books into college
science teaching,” The Pantaneto Forum, Issue 19, 2005 (http://www.pantaneto.co.uk).
[29] L. Lam, “New concepts for science and technology museums,” The Pantaneto Forum, Issue 21, 2006 (http://www.pantaneto.co.uk). See also L. Lam, in Proceedings of International Forum on Scientific Literacy, Beijing, July 29-30, 2004.
[30] E. O. Wilson, Sociobiology, Harvard U. P., Cambridge, MA, 1975.
[31] R. N. Mantegna and H. G. Stanley An Introduction to Econophysics, Cambridge U. P., New York, 2000.
[32] S. Galam, “Sociophysics: A personal testimony,” Physica A, Vol. 336, pp. 49-55, 2004.
A version of this article was
presented at The 9th International Conference on Public
Communication of Science and Technology, Seoul, May 17-19, 2006.
Lui Lam obtained his B.Sc.
(with First Class Honors) from the University of Hong Kong, M.Sc. from the
University of British Columbia, and Ph.D. from Columbia University. He is now a
professor at San Jose State University, California; and a Guest Professor at
both Chinese Academy of Sciences and the China Association for Science
and Technology. Prof. Lam invented bowlics (1982), one of three existing types
of liquid crystals in the world; active walks (1992), a new paradigm in complex
systems; and a new discipline called histophysics (2002). Lam published 11
books and over 150 scientific papers. He is the founder of the International
Liquid Crystal Society (1990), the founder and editor-in-chief of the Springer
book series Partially Ordered Systems,
and the cofounder of the Chinese Liquid Crystal Society (1980).
1.
[1] In
the famous paper that earned Lee and Yang the Nobel Prize in 1957, the authors’
names appears as Lee and Yang [2]. The ordering of the two names in this and
other joint papers apparently is not a small matter; it plays an important role
in the two men’s subsequent total breakup of collaboration and friendship
[3-6].
[2] The second law of thermodynamics is the example used by Snow to
test the scientific knowledge of the literary people in a gathering (p. 15 in
[1]). This is in fact quite unfair, because the second law is less universal
and useful than people think. It applies only to closed systems and only to
their thermodynamic equilibrium states. It applies neither to humans—an open
system and the interest of literary people—nor to the expanding “cosmos” as
Snow wrongly claimed (p. 74 in [1]). The reason is that our universe is ever
expanding and is never in an equilibrium state [9]. See [10] for a detailed
discussion.
[3] Snow, a chemistry major, is mistaken when he writes that asking
someone to define “acceleration” is “the scientific equivalent of saying, Can
you read?” (p. 15 in [1].) The definition of acceleration (a ≡ dv/dt) involves calculus and the concept of vectors
[11], and may be found to be difficult by some students in a freshmen physics
course.
[4] In practice, as good literature is concerned, unlike the case in
science, there is no unique choice suitable for everybody. Reading Shakespeare
or Tang poems/Song proses will equally do.
[5]
With this understanding, every possible enquiry undertaken would be about
nature. The
term “science” in its German sense of Wissenchaft—any systematic body of
enquiry—and its use in the English language will coincide with each other.